Artificial intelligence has begun to mirror a fundamental human skill: transfer learning. This approach is inspired by our cognitive abilities and leverages knowledge acquired in one task to advance in other domains. Just as humans use language to share and build upon their knowledge,artificial intelligencefollows a similar path by applying insights from one dataset or problem to another. This article looks at what transfer learning is, how it works, why and when it should be used, and its benefits.
What is transfer learning?
Transfer learning is a powerful technique in machine learning (ML) where a model, initially trained for a specific task, is repurposed for a new, yet related, task. This approach capitalizes on the knowledge and patterns the model acquired. Transfer learning applies insights from a task with abundant data to a new task where data is scarce.
For example, someone who speaks Spanish, a Romance language, generally finds it easier to learn other languages in the same family, like Italian or French. This ease comes from the shared vocabulary, grammar, and structure. Similarly, in AI, a neural network trained to recognize faces in photos can be modified for tasks like recognizing emotions. The network’s fundamental understanding of facial features helps it notice small changes in expressions.
The when and why of transfer learning
Transfer learning is a valuable technique in machine learning. It’s beneficial in scenarios such as data scarcity, time constraints, computational limitations, domain similarity, enhanced generalization, and rapid prototyping. When data is scarce, using a pre-trained model avoidsoverfitting, often accompanying models trained from scratch. This approach uses the knowledge acquired by these models, improving accuracy.
Transfer learning is also a practical and efficient solution when time and computational resources are limited. It reduces the extensive training periods and computational power as it builds upon pre-existing knowledge bases. By transferring relevant knowledge and patterns between the source and target tasks, this method allows for better generalization to new, unknown data. Furthermore, transfer learning facilitates rapid prototyping, allowing quicker development and deployment of models.
For example, consider a language model likeGPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), which has been trained on large amounts of text data from the internet. Suppose you want to create a chatbot specializing in medical advice despite the general nature of the GPT’s training. In that case, fine-tune this model on a smaller, specialized dataset of medical dialogues and literature.
What are large language models?
Large language models (LLMs) are the basis for AI chatbots and much more. Here’s what’s going on behind the scenes
By doing this, you transfer the general language understanding capabilities of the GPT model and adapt it to the specific context of medical communication. You can leverage the extensive learning of the base model by adjusting the base model to your needs with a relatively small amount of specialized data.
A deep dive into transfer learning phases
Transfer learning involves essential steps, including finding pre-trained models, freezing layers, training new layers, and fine-tuning the model. Let’s explore each of these steps in detail.
Finding pre-trained models
The first step is to find a pre-trained model. Organizations might source these models from their collections or open source repositories likePyTorch HuborTensorFlow Hub. These platforms offer a range of pre-trained models suitable for tasks like image classification, text embeddings, and more.
Layer freezing
Deep neural networks are organized in a hierarchical layer structure, each layer serving a distinct role in data processing. Theinner layersdetect basic features like edges and colors, fundamental in tasks like animal shape recognition.Middle layersincrease in complexity, combining these simple patterns to form intricate structures, such as identifying animal fur patterns.
Thelatter layersare where the network’s complex learning occurs, focusing on high-level, task-specific features like distinguishing between animal species. This layered architecture is crucial in transfer learning, where inner and middle layers often retain their learned features for general applicability. In contrast, the latter layers are retrained for specific new tasks.
In transfer learning, the inner and middle layers of the pre-trained model are often frozen, meaning it retains the learned features (like recognizing basic shapes in image recognition tasks) from the original training, which are generally applicable to the new task.
Training new layers
After the appropriate layers have been identified and frozen, the next step involves augmenting the pre-trained model with new layers tailored to the task. These added layers bridge the pre-existing knowledge within the frozen layers and the nuances of the new dataset.
Training these new layers involves exposing the model to the new dataset, where it learns to adjust its internal parameters, weights, and biases based on the input data and the desired output. Through iterations and adjustments, the model fine-tunes itself to optimize its performance on the specific task.
What is a vision model?
Powering many of the image-based and AI applications today
Model fine-tuning
Although not always necessary, fine-tuning can enhance model performance. This involves unfreezing some layers and retraining them at a low learning rate on the new dataset. It allows the model to adjust more finely to the specificities of the new task. The aim is to achieve superior performance in the targeted domain.
Layer freezing and training: A practical approach
In practice, the decision on which layers to freeze or train is based on the level of feature similarity between the pre-trained model and the new task.
For example, consider a neural network trained for general object recognition. It can identify cars, trees, animals, and other objects. If we want to adapt this network for a more specific task, like recognizing different types of birds, we can freeze the inner and middle layers. These layers, which have learned to detect edges, colors, and basic shapes, are helpful for any image recognition task, including birds.
The latter layers, which are specialized for recognizing an array of objects, aren’t as effective for the specific task of bird classification. Therefore, we would retrain these layers on a bird-specific dataset, allowing the network to develop the high-level understanding necessary for distinguishing different bird species.
Practical applications of transfer learning across different industries
Transfer learning is a versatile technology with applications in various industries. Let’s explore where it can be used.
Natural Language Processing (NLP)
Transfer learning is necessary in improving machine learning models for NLP tasks. It empowers models to detect and understand language elements, dialects, phrases, and vocabulary.
Computer Vision (CV)
In computer vision, transfer learning takes pre-trained models and repurposes them for tasks involving smaller datasets or specific image features. It’s handy for tasks such as object detection, where models can leverage the knowledge of identifying common objects or image structures.
Neural Networks
Transfer learning has become indispensable in deep learning andneural networks. Training complex neural networks demands substantial computational resources and time. Transfer learning alleviates this burden by transferring useful features from one network to another, making it an efficient approach for model development. These transfer learning techniques find practical application in various industries, such as:
Transfer learning’s impact on AI’s evolutionary leap
Transfer learning is a shortcut for AI that changes how we teach machines to be more intelligent. It makes AI more effective in understanding human behavior, which means betterHealth and Fitness apps, self-driving cars,AI-ready smartphones, and shopping experiences. In the words of Mark Van Doren, “The art of teaching is the art of assisting discovery.” Now, AI is doing both teaching and discovering for us.
